European Journal of Policing Studies – Jaargang 4/1 (2016) (ISSN 2034-760x) – Special issue Policing in Times of Uncertainty
Contents:
Introduction
M. Egan
Articles
Tackling Trafficking in
Human Beings in a security
integrated Europe
Addressing the challenges using
Trafficking Schematics
A.Koulouri (1)
Abstract
This paper aims to conceptualise trafficking in human beings (THB) as an organised crime by
drawing on the rational choice theory. Utilising crime scripting principles, it proposes trafficking
schematics to capture and visualise THB in its entirety.
Stemming from its transnational nature and varying conceptualisations, combatting THB faces challenges,
such as the lack of harmonisation of policy instruments and differing stakeholder agendas.
To mitigate these challenges, this paper proposes trafficking schematics. Their core lies in the
modelling of THB constituent elements, including stages and their sequence, key actors and
relationships, and financial modus operandi. Trafficking schematics may therefore contribute to
addressing THB in a holistic, dynamic and integrated way, by enriching stakeholders’ understanding
of the phenomenon and facilitating collaboration to address it.
The paper contributes to theory and practice by drawing up a model of the procedural, human, logistical
and environmental elements of THB that may be viewed as an instrument of public value creation.
Keywords: Trafficking in human beings, organized crime, EU security, rational choice theory
(1) is Lecturer in Business Research & Statistics.
Migration and crime
A spatial analysis
in a borderless Europe
A. Ludwig (1) & D. Johnson (2)
Abstract
The expansion of the EU has generated vast media interest and political debate about an alleged
crime–migration nexus. The gradual disappearance of border controls within the EU has created
opportunities for easier people movement, and potentially for offenders to commit criminal
offences in other countries. However, little work has been undertaken to understand the general
nature of criminal activity by intra-EU migrant populations. This paper discusses the complexity
of carrying out research on this issue using openly available data sources across the EU and in
particular notes a significant lack of data for informed policy development. Spatial clustering of
individual nationalities is evident, distinct differences in movements on a regional scale in England
are shown. There is also evidence of limited recording practices and data availability across the
EU. Data on localised offending by foreign nationals can be used to inform intelligence by national
and international police agencies, to generate effective cross-border information exchange, and
inform crime reduction policies.
Keywords: Crime; EU migration; spatial analysis; data uncertainty; policy; crime prevention
(1) is Post-Doctoral Research Officer at Nuffield College, Oxford working on a project
on police resourcing.
(2) is a Senior Lecturer in Crime Science at Northumbria University.
EU Integrated and
Re-Integrated Security
The Position of the UK after the
Opt-Out – or Brexit?
S. Hufnagel (1)
Abstract
Protocol 36 of the Lisbon Treaty provided that the UK could choose not to accept the jurisdiction
of the Court of Justice of the European Union, and the enforcement powers of the Commission,
in relation to these pre-Lisbon police and judicial cooperation measures. Consequently, former
instruments adopted under the ‘third pillar’ that have not been amended, repealed or replaced
since the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, cease to apply to the UK. The UK aimed to re-join 35
measures that have been considered indispensable for UK security, however, opting back it would
be
European Journal of Policing Studies – Jaargang 4/1 (2016) (ISSN 2034-760x) – Special issue Policing in Times of Uncertainty
Contents:
Introduction
M. Egan
Articles
Tackling Trafficking in
Human Beings in a security
integrated Europe
Addressing the challenges using
Trafficking Schematics
A.Koulouri (1)
Abstract
This paper aims to conceptualise trafficking in human beings (THB) as an organised crime by
drawing on the rational choice theory. Utilising crime scripting principles, it proposes trafficking
schematics to capture and visualise THB in its entirety.
Stemming from its transnational nature and varying conceptualisations, combatting THB faces challenges,
such as the lack of harmonisation of policy instruments and differing stakeholder agendas.
To mitigate these challenges, this paper proposes trafficking schematics. Their core lies in the
modelling of THB constituent elements, including stages and their sequence, key actors and
relationships, and financial modus operandi. Trafficking schematics may therefore contribute to
addressing THB in a holistic, dynamic and integrated way, by enriching stakeholders’ understanding
of the phenomenon and facilitating collaboration to address it.
The paper contributes to theory and practice by drawing up a model of the procedural, human, logistical
and environmental elements of THB that may be viewed as an instrument of public value creation.
Keywords: Trafficking in human beings, organized crime, EU security, rational choice theory
(1) is Lecturer in Business Research & Statistics.
Migration and crime
A spatial analysis
in a borderless Europe
A. Ludwig (1) & D. Johnson (2)
Abstract
The expansion of the EU has generated vast media interest and political debate about an alleged
crime–migration nexus. The gradual disappearance of border controls within the EU has created
opportunities for easier people movement, and potentially for offenders to commit criminal
offences in other countries. However, little work has been undertaken to understand the general
nature of criminal activity by intra-EU migrant populations. This paper discusses the complexity
of carrying out research on this issue using openly available data sources across the EU and in
particular notes a significant lack of data for informed policy development. Spatial clustering of
individual nationalities is evident, distinct differences in movements on a regional scale in England
are shown. There is also evidence of limited recording practices and data availability across the
EU. Data on localised offending by foreign nationals can be used to inform intelligence by national
and international police agencies, to generate effective cross-border information exchange, and
inform crime reduction policies.
Keywords: Crime; EU migration; spatial analysis; data uncertainty; policy; crime prevention
(1) is Post-Doctoral Research Officer at Nuffield College, Oxford working on a project
on police resourcing.
(2) is a Senior Lecturer in Crime Science at Northumbria University.
EU Integrated and
Re-Integrated Security
The Position of the UK after the
Opt-Out – or Brexit?
S. Hufnagel (1)
Abstract
Protocol 36 of the Lisbon Treaty provided that the UK could choose not to accept the jurisdiction
of the Court of Justice of the European Union, and the enforcement powers of the Commission,
in relation to these pre-Lisbon police and judicial cooperation measures. Consequently, former
instruments adopted under the ‘third pillar’ that have not been amended, repealed or replaced
since the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, cease to apply to the UK. The UK aimed to re-join 35
measures that have been considered indispensable for UK security, however, opting back it would
be
European Journal of Policing Studies – Jaargang 2/4 (2014) (ISSN 2034-760x). Special Issue: Migrants as police officers
Contents:
Introduction
A. Verhage, L. Bisschop, W. Hardyns
Articles
Migrants as Police Officers. Introduction
F. Sack (1) & D. Klimke (2)
(1) Professor emeritus of criminology at the Universität Hamburg, Institut für Kriminologische Sozialforschung.
(2) Professor for criminology at the Police Academy in Nienburg.
Interculturalism in the Police. Diversity or Assimilation?
D. Klimke (1)
Abstract
The German police force has so far largely been unaffected by the growing minority of migrants.
In contrast to many large companies that have understood that diversity is rewarding, the police
have operated as a closed shop towards migrants. Diversity management is a very recent concept
in the German police forces compared to other countries. While the active police force largely
expresses some resistance to the integration of migrants, police administration has understood
that the integration of migrants into the police force is now of vital importance. However, this
process is still hampered by the existing police and cop culture and, correspondingly, the rejection
of anything foreign.
Keywords: ethnic minority police officer, diversity, police culture
(1) Professor for criminology at the Police Academy in Nienburg.
Professional Anomalies. Diversity Policies Policing Ethnic
Minority Police Officers
S. Çankaya (1)
Abstract
This paper discusses how diversity policies within organizations contribute to paradoxical outcomes
in face-to-face interactions. The findings are the result of a long-term ethnographic study on the
processes of in- and exclusion of ethnic minority police officers in the Netherlands between 2007-
2011. Since the 1980s the Dutch police struggle both in terms of recruitment and retention of
ethnic minorities. Various policy measures have been taken since then. The main argument is that
diversity policies construct and perpetuate ethnic differences. This discourse impacts processes of
in- and exclusion in everyday interactions, increases ‘groupness’ and leads to dilemmas in ways of
feeling and acting among ethnic minority police officers. In specific situations, the norm images of
a ‘good’ police officer, such as integrity, solidarity and neutrality, diametrically clash with the ideal
images within diversity policies. Paradoxically, diversity policies within the Dutch police context
sustain everyday inequalities for ethnic minorities, while striving for equality.
Keywords: ethnic categorization, police organization, police culture, ethnicity, in- and exclusion, discrimination, racialization, diversity policy
(1) Currently conducts a research on security guards in semi-public environments,
commissioned by The Hague School of Applied Sciences.
Minority Police Officers in the
French Police. The ‘Republican tradition’ and the
Workplace Experience of
Minority Officers
J. Gauthier (1) & R. Lévy (2)
Abstract
This article discusses the situation of police officers from visible ethnic minorities within the French
National Police Force. Part one deals with the main ideological and institutional factors responsible
for the longstanding refusal to consider the issue of ethnicity in the police institution and goes on
to describe the more pragmatic attitude prevailing within that institution in recent years, in spite of
some resistance. Part two describes the tangible problems encountered by officers from minority
groups as uncovered in a field study conducted in the Paris area.
Keywords: police, security, minorities, discrimination, France
(1) Researcher at the Centre Marc Bloch in Berlin.
(2) Senior research d
European Journal of Policing Studies – Jaargang 2/4 (2014) (ISSN 2034-760x). Special Issue: Migrants as police officers
Contents:
Introduction
A. Verhage, L. Bisschop, W. Hardyns
Articles
Migrants as Police Officers. Introduction
F. Sack (1) & D. Klimke (2)
(1) Professor emeritus of criminology at the Universität Hamburg, Institut für Kriminologische Sozialforschung.
(2) Professor for criminology at the Police Academy in Nienburg.
Interculturalism in the Police. Diversity or Assimilation?
D. Klimke (1)
Abstract
The German police force has so far largely been unaffected by the growing minority of migrants.
In contrast to many large companies that have understood that diversity is rewarding, the police
have operated as a closed shop towards migrants. Diversity management is a very recent concept
in the German police forces compared to other countries. While the active police force largely
expresses some resistance to the integration of migrants, police administration has understood
that the integration of migrants into the police force is now of vital importance. However, this
process is still hampered by the existing police and cop culture and, correspondingly, the rejection
of anything foreign.
Keywords: ethnic minority police officer, diversity, police culture
(1) Professor for criminology at the Police Academy in Nienburg.
Professional Anomalies. Diversity Policies Policing Ethnic
Minority Police Officers
S. Çankaya (1)
Abstract
This paper discusses how diversity policies within organizations contribute to paradoxical outcomes
in face-to-face interactions. The findings are the result of a long-term ethnographic study on the
processes of in- and exclusion of ethnic minority police officers in the Netherlands between 2007-
2011. Since the 1980s the Dutch police struggle both in terms of recruitment and retention of
ethnic minorities. Various policy measures have been taken since then. The main argument is that
diversity policies construct and perpetuate ethnic differences. This discourse impacts processes of
in- and exclusion in everyday interactions, increases ‘groupness’ and leads to dilemmas in ways of
feeling and acting among ethnic minority police officers. In specific situations, the norm images of
a ‘good’ police officer, such as integrity, solidarity and neutrality, diametrically clash with the ideal
images within diversity policies. Paradoxically, diversity policies within the Dutch police context
sustain everyday inequalities for ethnic minorities, while striving for equality.
Keywords: ethnic categorization, police organization, police culture, ethnicity, in- and exclusion, discrimination, racialization, diversity policy
(1) Currently conducts a research on security guards in semi-public environments,
commissioned by The Hague School of Applied Sciences.
Minority Police Officers in the
French Police. The ‘Republican tradition’ and the
Workplace Experience of
Minority Officers
J. Gauthier (1) & R. Lévy (2)
Abstract
This article discusses the situation of police officers from visible ethnic minorities within the French
National Police Force. Part one deals with the main ideological and institutional factors responsible
for the longstanding refusal to consider the issue of ethnicity in the police institution and goes on
to describe the more pragmatic attitude prevailing within that institution in recent years, in spite of
some resistance. Part two describes the tangible problems encountered by officers from minority
groups as uncovered in a field study conducted in the Paris area.
Keywords: police, security, minorities, discrimination, France
(1) Researcher at the Centre Marc Bloch in Berlin.
(2) Senior research d